Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum, parts of the large intestine. It usually starts as small growths called polyps, which can turn cancerous over time. Regular screening helps detect and remove polyps early, preventing cancer development.
Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
Symptoms may vary depending on the cancer’s stage and location. Common signs include:
- Changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea or constipation.
- Blood in stool or rectal bleeding.
- Persistent abdominal discomfort or cramps.
- Unexplained weight loss and fatigue.
- A feeling of incomplete bowel movement.
- Narrow or ribbon-like stools.
Early colorectal cancer may show no clear symptoms, making screening important.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of colorectal cancer is not always clear, but several factors increase risk:
- Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps.
- Genetic conditions such as Lynch syndrome or FAP.
- Diet high in red or processed meat.
- Low-fiber, high-fat diet.
- Lack of physical activity.
- Smoking and heavy alcohol use.
- Age over 50.
- Obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Types of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer appears in different forms:
- Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, starting in glandular cells.
- Carcinoid Tumors: Grow in hormone-producing cells.
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Rare tumors of connective tissue.
- Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system affecting the colon or rectum.
Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer
Doctors use various tests to detect colorectal cancer:
- Colonoscopy: Examines the colon and removes polyps.
- Sigmoidoscopy: Checks the rectum and lower colon.
- Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Detects hidden blood in stool.
- Biopsy: Confirms cancer through tissue samples.
- Imaging Tests: CT, MRI, and PET scans determine spread.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on cancer stage, location, and overall health. Options include:
- Surgery: Removes tumors or affected parts of the colon and rectum.
- Chemotherapy: Destroys or slows the growth of cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy: Targets cancer with high-energy rays.
- Targeted Therapy: Blocks cancer cell growth using specific drugs.
- Immunotherapy: Helps the body’s immune system fight cancer.
A multidisciplinary approach often gives the best results.
Prevention and Lifestyle Choices
Prevention reduces the risk of colorectal cancer. Important steps include:
- Eating a diet rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables.
- Reducing red and processed meat consumption.
- Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight.
- Limiting alcohol and quitting smoking.
- Regular screenings after age 45 or earlier for high-risk groups.
Living with Colorectal Cancer
Coping with colorectal cancer involves medical, physical, and emotional support. Patients may need dietary adjustments, counseling, and regular follow-ups. Support groups and family involvement improve emotional well-being and quality of life.
